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Two Nation Theory

Defining Two Nation Theory 

  • A theory is a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action.
  • Nation: Group of people who share real or imagined common history, culture, language or ethnic origin, often possessing or seeking its own government.
  • Two Nations is the concept or fact of the existence of two nations in any geography.
  • In the context of Subcontinent Two Nation Theory base on
  • Two Nations (Muslims and Hindus)
  • that have their distinct identity/social orders and religions
  • Muslim and Hindus social, cultural, religious, economic and political differences
  • This theory gave birth to two distinct political ideologies which caused the partition of the sub-continent.

The Two Nation Theory

• The foundation of Pakistan was laid down on the very day when the first Indian had embraced Islam.
• In spite of living together for centuries the two communities did not forget their individual cultures and civilization.
• It raised a direction for the Muslims on the basis of which Pakistan was achieved.

Historical Evolution 

  • The history of two-nation theory is as old as the history of man.
  • The concept of Two Nations was given by Islam 14 hundred years ago.
  • In subcontinent Two Nation Theory is as old as the first person embraced Islam.
  • In spite of living thousand-year together/common things;
  • Both maintained their separate identity.
  • Religion had provided them such a strong base for nationalism
  • Which altogether made the Muslims and everything different from Hindus

Al-Beruni and Two Nation Theory

  • Al – Beruni recorded his ideas in 1001 A.D
  • In his famous book “Kitab-ul-Hind”
  • Hindu society maintained this peculiar character over the centuries.
  • The two societies, Hindus and Muslims, like two streams have sometimes touched but never merged, each following its separate course. 
  • The Hindu entirely differ from the Muslim in every respect which other nation has the common. 
  • The first difference was that of language. 
  • They totally differ from us in religion, as we believe in nothing in which they believe and vice versa.

Sheikh Ahmed Sirhandi (1564-1624) 

  • Known as Mujadid (Renovator of Islam). 
  • The stance against the Din-e-Elahi (1582) 
  • A number of publications (8). 
  • Letters to the rulers regarding social and religious issues (536 in three volumes) 
  • Called Akbar’s period was “the age of Islamic poverty”. 
  • Used Term “Bidat” 
  • Fixed the responsibilities of rulers. 
  • Oneness of appearance, as opposed to oneness of Being (wahdat al-wujud), as taught by Ibn al-Arabi. 
  • The doctrine taught by the Indian Sufi Ahmad al-Sirhindi as an attempt to integrate reformist Sufi ideas into a Sunni framework

Shah Walli Ullah (1703-1762)

  • Qutub-ud-Din Ahmed
  • His father was a leading Hanafi Jurist/Islamic Scholar___Founder of Madras-e-Raheemiya.
  • He performed Hajj– spent eight years in learning Fiqah and Hadees –returned in 1732.
  • Observed the conditions of the Muslim ummah in the whole world.
  • Assigned tasks in India through a dream, training the students, and give awareness to the Muslims of the sub-continent. 
  • Indian Muslim community experienced severe problems and un-Islamic practices. 
  • The Muslim downfall was started. 
  • Bad socio-economic spheres. 
  • Religiously Muslims were not in a satisfactory environment.

Reforms of Shah Wali Ullah

  • Religious Reforms
  • Sectarianism
  • Irrational following of Islam, need of ijtihad
  • Emphasizing the fundamentals of Islam.
  • Translate Quran into the Persian language.
  • Tried to create a balance among four schools like Hanafi, Hambali, Shafi, and Malaki through “Al Insaf Fi Bayan SahabAl Ikhtilaf”.
  • Emphasize and be forced on Jihad.
  • Tried to remove differences between Uluma and Sufis

Social, Political and Economic Reforms 

  • Tried to enhance the morale of the Muslim community in India. 
  • Preach the Islamic teachings in a rational way. 
  • Set up a social order basis of unity, brotherhood, fraternity, and economic equality 
  • Political Reforms: 
  • Letter to Mughal rulers…..criticize their ruling strategies and their luxuries lifestyle.
  •  Letter to Ahmed Shah Abdali to defend Muslim rule in India against Marhatta rebellions 

Economic Reforms: 

  • Criticize the Economic Balance. 
  • Rights of laborers 
  • Raise the voice against the high taxes that were imposed by the Mughal rulers.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

  • Hindu Muslim Unity 
  • Urdu Hindi Controversy 1867 
  • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan first used the word ‘Two Nations’ for Hindus and Muslims. 
  • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was convinced by the Congress and Hindus towards the Muslims 
  • That both nations cannot stay unite in a single country and the future of the Muslims will safe only if they have their own separate country.

Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Muhammad Iqbal and others 

  • Discussed in First Lectures the contribution of Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Muhammad Iqbal, John Bright 
  • 1858 John Bright gave the concept of a separate state for the Muslims of the sub-continent. • Syed Jamal Ud Din Afghani 
  • In 1879 Maulana Jamal-ud-Din Afghani gave the concept of Two Nations in the sub-continent. 
  • Maulana Abdul Haleem Sharar 
  • In 1890 MaulanaAbdul Haleem gave the concept of the Two-Nation Theory. 
  • MolanaAshraf Ali Thanvi 
  • In 1928, on the basis of separate identity, MaulanaAshraf Ali Thanvi talked about the separate state of the Muslims. 

Chaudhry Rehmat Ali

  • Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in 1933 suggested the name of Pakistan on the base of Two Nation Theory, he was a student of the Cambridge University of England

Differentiating Causes Led to Strengthen Two Nation Theory

  • There are a few factors that split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two nations. It has been discussed in the first lecture and third lecture 
  • Religious Differences 
  • Hindu Nationalism 
  • Cultural Differences 
  • Social differences 
  • Economic Differences
  • Educational Differences 
  • Political Differences 
  • Language

Importance of the Two-Nation Theory

  • Two Nation Theory has been a very important factor in the Freedom movement. 
  • It provides and strengthens the Muslim identity to Muslims of the Subcontinent. 
  • Work for Muslim Welfare 
  • Muslim Unity 
  • Ideology of Pakistan 
  • Common Platform 
  • Provides Track or destination 
  • Importance to religion 
  • Language 
  • Blend of Leadership 
  • Also gave the Muslims sense of liberty and freedom to wipe out the Hindu domination  

Conclusion

  • The Muslims realized that they would lose their religious and cultural identity if they remained a part of British India. 
  • They were not given a proper share in all affairs that led to the demand for a separate state.
  •  Above mentioned differences strengthen the case for a separate identity and homeland where they freely practice their religious practices according to Islamic teachings